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-====== Life Cycle Analysis ======
-**Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)** is a method that assesses the environmental impacts of products or systems. It is the recommended method for environmental display at the European level and standardized at the international level. This method is largely used because of its 3 main characteristics :
-  - **Functional :** The object of study is defined by the function it fulfills. This allows a comparison between different solutions in order to choose the best one
-  - **Multi-criteria :** Several environmental indicators are taken into account during the study. They include global warming potential, contribution to the depletion of abiotic and fossil resources, or the contribution of ionizing radiation. These indicators are among the main contributors to the impacts of digital technology.
-  - **Life-cycle approach :** The impacts generated during all life cycle stages of the studied object are considered :  \\
-     * __Extraction of raw materials :__ A lot of energy, chemicals and water are needed to extract materials from the earth and refine them. Furthermore, the concerned resources are limited and are getting rarer, thus it will be more and more difficult to extract them.
-     * __Manufacturing :__ During manufacturing, the raw materials are transformed into digital components and equipment. This consumes a lot of water and energy.
-     * __Distribution :__ Distribution represents the transport of the digital components from their place of fabrication to their place of use, mainly from Asia to Europe for IT equipment.
-     * __Use :__ The use of digital devices represents the energy consumed whilst using them.
-     * __End-of-life :__ This step concerns the disposal of the devices, either recycled, buried or burnt.
-{{ ::lca_schema.png?direct&600 |https://framerusercontent.com/images/LmHc8nzehZJ19AipjGwsKeGao.png}}
-The LCA methodology is defined by ISO standards, in particular, ISO 14040 [([[https://www.iso.org/fr/standard/37456.html | ISO 14040:2006
-Management environnemental — Analyse du cycle de vie — Principes et cadre]])] and ISO 14044 [([[https://www.iso.org/fr/standard/38498.html | ISO 14044:2006
-Management environnemental — Analyse du cycle de vie — Exigences et lignes directrices]])]. Standard ISO 14040 describes the main principles of an LCA and is fairly general. Standard ISO 14044 sets out the requirements and guidelines in greater detail.
-===== Parametric Life Cycle Analysis =====
-**Parametric LCA** extends traditional Life Cycle Assessment by replacing fixed input flows with adjustable parameters.
-Rather than collecting inventory data directly, it infers it from **sensitivity & usable parameters** making it a hybrid of parameterization techniques and conventional LCA methodology.
-The core advantage of this approach lies in its ** reusability** : once the parametric model is built for a given product category, it can be applied to any number of products within that category without starting from scratch. This makes it significantly **faster to update** than classical LCA, which is a particularly valuable trait in fast-moving sectors like ICT.
-In essence, parametric LCA trades some granularity for a much leaner workflow — a deliberate trade-off calibrated to the level of accuracy that actually matters for the decisions at hand.
-Compared to classical LCA, it operates on **simplified models** that can represent an entire product range through a single automated framework, with inventory data derived from interpretable parameters rather than collected individually.
-This approach proves especially valuable in three contexts:
-  * **Comparing similar products**, since the shared model structure inherently ensures methodological consistency across comparisons
-  * **Identifying eco-design levers**, by revealing which parameters most significantly drive environmental impacts
-  * **Supporting decision-making**, by delivering relevant environmental insights more efficiently
-===== LCA for Naknow =====
-====  Methodology for devices ====
-**Declared unit**: 1 piece of equipment of the category under study, during the whole lifespan.
-**System boundaries**: Specific to each model, as detailed in the [model documentation](Link to doc).
-**Approach**: A digital equipment is considered a sum of components (mechanical, electronics, etc.), following a bottom-up approach. Hence, an equipement is broken down into components. The environmental impacts of each component are assessed and then summed to obtain the total impacts of the device.
-Each category of equipment or component is defined by one parametric model. For each specific piece of equipment (Laptop X from manufacturer Y), the corresponding model is ‘fed’ with the technical specifications of the equipment to be assessed. Commercial references are also available to prefill the technical specifications of the equipment.
-The following approach is applied for the different life cycle stages:
-=== Manufacturing ===
-| **How it works**                                                                                                                                             | **Types of parameters**                                                                                                                                | **Types of sources**                                                                                                |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| - Breakdown of the equipment into components - Parametric modelling of the environmental impacts of each component <br> Sum of the impacts of each component | Mass or surface area of material, type of material <br> Technical configuration of equipment (CPU/GPU model, amount of RAM/storage, screen size, etc.) | Scientific literature <br> Benchmarks carried out on samples of marketed equipment <br> Databases <br> Own research |
-=== Distribution: ===
-| **How it works**                                                                                              | **Types of parameters** | **Types of sources** |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---------------------- | :------------------- |
-| - Definition of a typical transport profile for each equipment category (using aeroplane, ship, train, truck) |
-| - Weight of equipment <br> - Distance covered <br> -Type of transport                                         |
-| - Scientific literature <br> - LCA and public reports <br> - Databases                                        |
-  - Use:
-| **How it works**                                                                                 | **Types of parameters** | **Types of sources** |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------- | :------------------- |
-| - Default average consumption value estimated from the technical specifications of the equipment |
-| - Load rate <br> - Duration of use <br> - Country of use <br>                                    |
-| - Scientific literature <br> - LCA and public reports <br> - Databases                           |
-  - End-of-life:
-| **How it works** | **Types of parameters** | **Types of sources** |
-| :--------------- | :---------------------- | :------------------- |
-| - Definition of end-of-life scenarios (recycling, incineration, landfill) for the various category of materials (DEEE, metals, plastics, etc.)
-  - Sum of the impacts of each category <br> |
-  - Mass of material, type of material <br> - Repartition of waste between the various scenarios | - Scientific literature <br> - Public reports <br>- Databases <br>- Own research <br> |
-By using a bottom-up approach agnostic of the device manufacturer, there could be a difference between impacts obtained from Resilio Database and the manufacturer's data.
-Our main hypothesis is that manufacturer are in fact, assemblers, and that the result of their actions on the final impact is very low. This comes from the very low relative impact of assembly, and the fact that most of the eletronics supply chain is based on the components of a couple of industrial players, all using the same industrial processes. More details are available in our whitepaper [Link to whitepaper].
-==== Product Envionnemental Footprint (PEF) method ====
-The LCA methodologies defined in ISO 14040 and 14044 are designed for general use. This is why there are many different LCA methods that comply with these standards. For Naknow, we chose the PEF 3.0 method [([[https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/permalink/PEF_method.pdf | Zampori, L. and Pant, R., Suggestions for updating the Product Environmental Footprint
-(PEF) method, EUR 29682 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2019, ISBN 978-92-76-
--1, doi:10.2760/424613, JRC115959]])] and its 16 environmental indicators. According to ADEME [([[https://librairie.ademe.fr/industrie-et-production-durable/6022-referentiel-par-categorie-de-produit-rcp-des-services-numeriques.html | Référentiel par Catégorie de Produit (RCP) des services numériques, ADEME, 2023]])], the six most important are:
-^ Indicator name                          ^ Acronym ^ Unit            ^ Indicator type           ^ Description ^
-| Resources depletion, minerals and metals | ADPe    | kg Sb eq.       | Impact, problem oriented | Industrial exploitation leads to a reduction in available resources, whose reserves are limited. This indicator measures the quantity of mineral and metal resources extracted from nature as if they were antimony. |
-| Acidification potential                  | AP      | mol H<sup>+</sup> eq.   | Impact, problem oriented | Air acidification is linked to emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ammonia and hydrochloric acid. These pollutants turn to acid in the presence of moisture, and their fallout can damage ecosystems and buildings alike. |
-| Global warming potential                 | GWP     | kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.   | Impact, problem oriented | Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gaseous compounds that absorb infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface. Increasing their concentration in the Earth's atmosphere contributes to global warming. |
-| Ionizing radiations                      | IR      | kBq U<sub>235</sub> eq. | Impact, problem oriented | Radionuclides can be released through a variety of human activities. When radionuclides decay, they release ionizing radiation. Human exposure to ionizing radiation causes DNA damage, which in turn can lead to various types of cancer and birth defects. |
-| Particulate matter                       | PM      | disease occurrence      | Impact, problem oriented | The presence of small-diameter fine particles in the air - particularly those with a diameter of less than 10 microns - represents a human health problem, as their inhalation can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems. |
-| Total primary energy                     | TPE     | MJ                      | Flux                     | Primary energy is the first form of energy directly available in nature before any transformation: wood, coal, natural gas, oil, wind, solar radiation, hydraulic or geothermal energy, etc. |
-==== Parametric LCA ====
-{{ ::naknow_model.png?direct&600 |}}