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--- intro_optical_sensor [2025/11/27 09:34] – louise
+++ intro_optical_sensor [2026/03/16 13:23] (current) – louise
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 # Optical sensors
-## System definition
+## System Definition - Goal and scope
+### Definition
-* Contact Image Sensor (CIS) = device that detects and converts light rays into electrical signals.
+* Optical/image sensor = device that detects and converts light rays into electrical signals, that can be viewed, analyzed, or stored
-* Most common type of sensor used in modern digital devices
+* Context : In smartphones and cameras, the number of image sensors is increasing. No environmental data available
-### What is it used for?
+#### What is it used for?
-* smartphones, tablets, cameras, etc.
+They are used in phones, cars, laptops, tablets, industrial/medical systems, security cameras, cars and other vehicles, etc.
-### Are they different types and technologies?
+#### Are there different types/technologies?
- main types :
+Two main types :
 * Charge-coupled device (CCD)
-* Active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) -> cheaper, low electricity consumption
+* Active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) -> cheaper, low electricity consumption. They are more used in modern cameras.
+* IR sensor (for night vision)
+CDDs' characteristics:
-## Life cycle
+* Global shutter
+* Low noise
+* High dynamic range
+* Medium range frame rates
+* Subject to smearing
-### Manufacturing
+Moderm CMOS characteristics:
-#### What is it made of?
+* Global shutter and rolling shutter models
+* Low to very low noise
+* High to very high dynamic range
+* Very high frame rates
+* No smearing
+#### If different types, what are the differences in terms of materials, process, use consumption?
 TBC
-#### How is it manufactured?
+#### Is there a generic component that represents a family of components?
 TBC
-#### Who are the main manufacturers?
+#### How many sub-parts does the system consist of?
+The main parts of a CMOS image sensor are the following:
+* Sensor chip (wafer)
+* Wire bonds
+* Package
+* Cover glass
+* Contact pads
+Sources :
+* [Blog post - Thinklucid](https://thinklucid.com/tech-briefs/understanding-digital-image-sensors/)
+* [Blog post - Ansys](https://www.ansys.com/simulation-topics/what-is-cmos-image-sensor)
+### Perimeter
+#### What is included?
 TBC
+#### What is excluded?
+TBC
+### Functional unit and reference flows
+#### What is the functional unit?
+TBC
+#### What are the reference flows?
+TBC
-#### Where are they located?
+## Life Cycle - Inventory
+=> Goal: Define state of the art on life cycle stages to be considered.
+### Database and tools
+#### What are the already existing data (dataset, parametric model, paper, etc.)?
 TBC
+### Raw materials
+=> Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
-## Environmental footprint
+#### What is it made of?
+TBC
+#### Who are the main mining? Where are they located?
+TBC
+#### Is there mining processes information available?
+TBC
+### Manufacturing
+=> Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
-### What are the main environmental impacts associated to the materials?
+//For each system sub-part://
+#### What are the manufacturing processes?
+TBC
+#### What are the assembly processes?
+TBC
+#### For each process, what is the energy consumption?
+TBC
+#### For each process, what are the inputs (water, chemicals, etc.) ?
+TBC
+#### For each process, what is the yield? Are they co-products and/or losses?
+TBC
+#### How the “main” manufacturers can be characterized: by the number of components manufactured, the market share (€), other?
 TBC
-### What are the main environmental impacts associated to the manufacturing processes?
+#### Who are the main manufacturers? Where are they located?
+* Sony corporation (Japan, Integrated Device Manufacturer (IDM))
+* Samsung Electronics (South Korea, IDM)
+* OmniVision Technologies (US, fabless)
+* onsemi (US, IDM)
+* STMicroelectronics (CH, IDM)
+[Source](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/ResearchInsight/image-sensor-semiconductor-market.asp#:~:text=Major%20Image%20Sensors%20companies%20include,Components%20Industries%2C%20LLC%20(US)
+### Distribution and packaging
+=> Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
+#### What are the packaging? Made of which materials?
+TBC
+#### Which are the transport modes?
+TBC
+#### What are the transport distances?
 TBC
-### What are the potential parameters affecting environmental impact?
+### Use
+=> Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
+#### What is the service lifespan? (durée d'utilisation)
+TBC
+#### Is there a reparation factor?
+TBC
+#### Is there sub-parts replacement?
 TBC
+#### Where is it used?
+TBC
+#### Who are the users?
+TBC
+#### Which + how much energy does it need?
+TBC
+#### Is there emissions from use?
+TBC
-##  Next steps
+### End of life
+=> Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
-### What do we know we don't know?
+#### What is the lifetime? (durée de vie)
+TBC
+#### Is it different from lifespan and why?
+TBC
+#### Is it refurbished? + Where?
+TBC
+#### Is it recyclable? Can it be dismantled? Which material can be separated? + Where and how?
+TBC
+#### Is it incinerated with energy recovery? Just incinerated? Buried? + Where?
+TBC
+#### Which part of waste can be considered as mismanaged (neither recycled, nor incinerated, nor buried)?
+TBC
+## Environmental assessment
+=> Goal: Define state of the art on environmental impacts.
+### What are the impact assessment methods used (EF, ReCiPe, others)?
 TBC
+### What are the known environmental impacts associated to the system (indicators)?
+TBC
+### What are the known hotspots? Which raw material? Which life stage?
-### What are the identified challenges?
+* CCD / CMOS
+* Mono / color sensor
+* Resolution → sensor size
+* Pixel size → sensor size
+### What are the potential parameters affecting environmental impacts?
+TBC
+### What are the main source of uncertainty?
 TBC
-### What paths/ideas should be explored?
+## Bibliography
+=> Goal: Source every data we cited previously
+### List of our sources
+TBC
+### Data origin: bibliographic source / consortium hypothesis / expert opinion - required if a Data Quality Rating (DQR) must be completed
 TBC
+## Next steps
+=> Goal: List challenges and clarify priority areas for action
+### What do we know we don't know?
+TBC
+### What are the identified challenges?
+TBC
+### What paths/ideas should be explored?
+TBC