Table of Contents
Optical sensors
System Definition - Goal and scope
Definition
- Optical/image sensor = device that detects and converts light rays into electrical signals, that can be viewed, analyzed, or stored
- Context : In smartphones and cameras, the number of image sensors is increasing. No environmental data available
What is it used for?
They are used in phones, cars, laptops, tablets, industrial/medical systems, security cameras, cars and other vehicles, etc.
Are there different types/technologies?
Two main types :
- Charge-coupled device (CCD)
- Active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) → cheaper, low electricity consumption. They are more used in modern cameras.
- IR sensor (for night vision)
CDDs' characteristics:
- Global shutter
- Low noise
- High dynamic range
- Medium range frame rates
- Subject to smearing
Moderm CMOS characteristics:
- Global shutter and rolling shutter models
- Low to very low noise
- High to very high dynamic range
- Very high frame rates
- No smearing
If different types, what are the differences in terms of materials, process, use consumption?
TBC
Is there a generic component that represents a family of components?
TBC
How many sub-parts does the system consist of?
The main parts of a CMOS image sensor are the following:
- Sensor chip (wafer)
- Wire bonds
- Package
- Cover glass
- Contact pads
Sources :
Perimeter
What is included?
TBC
What is excluded?
TBC
Functional unit and reference flows
What is the functional unit?
TBC
What are the reference flows?
TBC
Life Cycle - Inventory
⇒ Goal: Define state of the art on life cycle stages to be considered.
Database and tools
What are the already existing data (dataset, parametric model, paper, etc.)?
TBC
Raw materials
⇒ Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
What is it made of?
TBC
Who are the main mining? Where are they located?
TBC
Is there mining processes information available?
TBC
Manufacturing
⇒ Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
For each system sub-part:
What are the manufacturing processes?
TBC
What are the assembly processes?
TBC
For each process, what is the energy consumption?
TBC
For each process, what are the inputs (water, chemicals, etc.) ?
TBC
For each process, what is the yield? Are they co-products and/or losses?
TBC
How the “main” manufacturers can be characterized: by the number of components manufactured, the market share (€), other?
TBC
Who are the main manufacturers? Where are they located?
- Sony corporation (Japan, Integrated Device Manufacturer (IDM))
- Samsung Electronics (South Korea, IDM)
- OmniVision Technologies (US, fabless)
- onsemi (US, IDM)
- STMicroelectronics (CH, IDM)
Distribution and packaging
⇒ Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
What are the packaging? Made of which materials?
TBC
Which are the transport modes?
TBC
What are the transport distances?
TBC
Use
⇒ Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
What is the service lifespan? (durée d'utilisation)
TBC
Is there a reparation factor?
TBC
Is there sub-parts replacement?
TBC
Where is it used?
TBC
Who are the users?
TBC
Which + how much energy does it need?
TBC
Is there emissions from use?
TBC
End of life
⇒ Goal: List the technical information needed for the LCI.
What is the lifetime? (durée de vie)
TBC
Is it different from lifespan and why?
TBC
Is it refurbished? + Where?
TBC
Is it recyclable? Can it be dismantled? Which material can be separated? + Where and how?
TBC
Is it incinerated with energy recovery? Just incinerated? Buried? + Where?
TBC
Which part of waste can be considered as mismanaged (neither recycled, nor incinerated, nor buried)?
TBC
Environmental assessment
⇒ Goal: Define state of the art on environmental impacts.
What are the impact assessment methods used (EF, ReCiPe, others)?
TBC
What are the known environmental impacts associated to the system (indicators)?
TBC
What are the known hotspots? Which raw material? Which life stage?
- CCD / CMOS
- Mono / color sensor
- Resolution → sensor size
- Pixel size → sensor size
What are the potential parameters affecting environmental impacts?
TBC
What are the main source of uncertainty?
TBC
Bibliography
⇒ Goal: Source every data we cited previously
List of our sources
TBC
Data origin: bibliographic source / consortium hypothesis / expert opinion - required if a Data Quality Rating (DQR) must be completed
TBC
Next steps
⇒ Goal: List challenges and clarify priority areas for action
What do we know we don't know?
TBC
What are the identified challenges?
TBC
What paths/ideas should be explored?
TBC
Discussion